An Observation by Myself !

This observation seems extremely intuitive, but is a lot helpful when dealing with most of the problems involving Second Principle of Mathematical Induction :-

$\boxed{a^{k}-b^{k} = (a^{k-n}-b^{k-n})(a^{n}+b^{n})-(ab)^{n}(a^{k-2n}-b^{k-2n})}$

I suggest the reader to accept the following problem as a challenge and post its solution in the comments ( It was this problem that made me realize about the identity) :-

INMO Type Problem :- Let $R = (5 \sqrt{5} + 11)^{2n+1}$ and let $f$ be the fractional part of $R$. Show that $Rf = 4^{2n+1}$.

By the way the above problem is not original.

Note by Karthik Venkata
4 years, 2 months ago

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$R=I+f$

$0<5\sqrt 5 -11 <1$

Let $(5\sqrt 5 -11)^{2n+1}$=$f'$

Now , $I+f-f' = (5\sqrt 5+11)^{2n+1}-(5\sqrt 5 -11) ^{2n+1}= 2(^nC_1 (5\sqrt 5)^{2n}11 + ^n C3 (5\sqrt 5)^{2n-2}11^3 .............)$

Here RHS is integer So Lhs should be too so $f=f'$

Hence $Rf=Rf'=((5\sqrt 5 +11)^{2n+1}(5\sqrt 5 -11)^{2n+1}) = 4^{2n+1}$

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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How do you say that RHS is an integer ? There is no proper reason for your claim. And also please do not include facts like Binomial Expansion, as the aim of this note is to deal with elegant proofs of theorems that are direct consequences of Induction Axioms.

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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RHS is an integer cause $5\sqrt 5$ always have even power and it is old IITJEE problem too.This method is absolutely correct .I subtracted those two terms to make RHS an integer.It is not a claim it is consequence of my subtraction

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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Well thanks for explaining ! :)

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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Can u tell me this question came in which yr in INMO.

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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No idea, there was no date in the book from which I came to know about the problem.

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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It says that this is an INMO-type problem, I guess it never actually came. However, I have a book (Problem-Solving Strategies by Arthur Engel), that has a problem which uses a very similar approach (adding the conjugate of the irrational number) for a certain problem.

In 1980, the oncoming IMO in Mongolia was cancelled on political grounds, Luxembourg hosted an Ersatz-IMO in Mersch. According to my book, that problem occured in this Ersatz-IMO in 1980. This was the problem:

Find the first digit before and after the decimal in: ${ (\sqrt { 2 } +\sqrt { 3 } ) }^{ 1980 }$

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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I think there is a fallacy :- $I + f - f' =$ an integer need not imply that $f = f'$. It may even be like $f = 1 + f'$ or $f = 2 + f'$ or generally $f = n + f'$ where $n$ is any integer, and still the fact that LHS ( as calculated by binomial expansion ) is an integer holds good.

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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Hey man $f$ is fractional part of x hence $0 \le f<1$.Its a standard solution to these type of problems.

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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I am not exposed to problems involving binomial expansion, sorry for troubling you ! I am getting confused....

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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Great observation.

The $n = 1$ case is similar to what we get from Newton's Identities, namely

$a^k + b^k = ( a^{k-1} + b^{k-1} ) ( a + b ) - ( ab) ^ 2 ( a ^ {k-2} + b^ { k - 2 } ).$

Staff - 4 years, 2 months ago

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Thanks Sir ! There is a really close connection between my observation and Newton's Identities, although they are used for completely different purposes !

- 4 years, 2 months ago

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