# Brilliant Integration Contest - Season 3 (Part 2)

Hi Brilliant! Due to many problems in part 1 it had become slow to load. So this is a sequel of Brilliant Integration - Season 3(Part 1)

The aims of the Integration contest are to improve skills in the computation of integrals, to learn from each other as much as possible, and of course to have fun. Anyone here may participate in this contest.

The rules are as follows:

• I will start by posting the first problem. If there is a user solves it, then they must post a new one.

• You may only post a solution of the problem below the thread of problem and post your proposed problem in a new thread. Put them separately.

• Only make substantial comment that will contribute to the discussion.

• Make sure you know how to solve your own problem before posting it in case there is no one can answer it within 48 hours, then you must post the solution and you have a right to post another problem.

• If the one who solves the last problem does not post his/her own problem after solving it within a day, then the one who has a right to post a problem is the last solver before him/her.

• The scope of questions is only computation of integrals either definite or indefinite integrals.

• You are NOT allowed to post a multiple integrals problem.

• It is NOT compulsory to post original problems. But make sure it has not been posted on brilliant.

• Do not copy questions from last year's contest. If anyone found to do so he/she will be banned from taking further part in this contest

Format your post is as follows:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 **SOLUTION OF PROBLEM xxx (number of problem) :** **[Post your solution here]** **PROBLEM xxx (number of problem) :** **[Post your problem here]** 

2 years, 9 months ago

This discussion board is a place to discuss our Daily Challenges and the math and science related to those challenges. Explanations are more than just a solution — they should explain the steps and thinking strategies that you used to obtain the solution. Comments should further the discussion of math and science.

When posting on Brilliant:

• Use the emojis to react to an explanation, whether you're congratulating a job well done , or just really confused .
• Ask specific questions about the challenge or the steps in somebody's explanation. Well-posed questions can add a lot to the discussion, but posting "I don't understand!" doesn't help anyone.
• Try to contribute something new to the discussion, whether it is an extension, generalization or other idea related to the challenge.

MarkdownAppears as
*italics* or _italics_ italics
**bold** or __bold__ bold
- bulleted- list
• bulleted
• list
1. numbered2. list
1. numbered
2. list
Note: you must add a full line of space before and after lists for them to show up correctly
paragraph 1paragraph 2

paragraph 1

paragraph 2

[example link](https://brilliant.org)example link
> This is a quote
This is a quote
    # I indented these lines
# 4 spaces, and now they show
# up as a code block.

print "hello world"
# I indented these lines
# 4 spaces, and now they show
# up as a code block.

print "hello world"
MathAppears as
Remember to wrap math in $$ ... $$ or $ ... $ to ensure proper formatting.
2 \times 3 $2 \times 3$
2^{34} $2^{34}$
a_{i-1} $a_{i-1}$
\frac{2}{3} $\frac{2}{3}$
\sqrt{2} $\sqrt{2}$
\sum_{i=1}^3 $\sum_{i=1}^3$
\sin \theta $\sin \theta$
\boxed{123} $\boxed{123}$

Sort by:

Ohh!! I missed this season. I even didn't know that this happened. :(

- 2 years, 6 months ago

Maybe this time you can host it :)

- 2 years, 6 months ago

When is starting the season 4? :)

- 2 years, 5 months ago

I think in December 2017.

- 2 years, 5 months ago

Problem 50 :

Evaluate $\int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{\sin(2nx) \cos(2\arctan(ax))}{(1+a^2x^2) \sin x} \ \mathrm{d}x$

where $a>0$ , $n \in \mathbb{Z^+}$

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Let $C_{n-1}(a)$ be the previous integral. I suspect one can find a closed form for the ordinary generating function for the sequence $\left(C_n(a)\right)$ because $U_{2n+1}(\cos x)=\dfrac{\sin((2n+2)x}{\sin x}$, $U_j$ being the $j$-nth Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

I looked hard on the web and could not find a closed expression for the Laplace transform of the $U_n$, which would have been really useful!

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Suppose that $a > 0$ and $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Note that $I \; = \; \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(2nx)\cos\big(2\tan^{-1}(ax)\big)}{(1 + a^2x^2)\sin x}\,dx \; = \; \int_0^\infty \frac{1-a^2x^2}{(1 + a^2x^2)^2}\frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\,dx \; = \; \lim_{\delta \to 0+}I_\delta$ where $I_\delta \; = \; \int_0^\infty \frac{1 - a^2(x+\delta)^2}{(1 + a^2(x+\delta)^2)^2}\frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\,dx$ where we can use the Dominated Convergence Theorem to justify the limit, since $\left| \frac{1 - a^2(x+\delta)^2}{(1 + a^2(x+\delta)^2)^2}\frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\right| \; \le \; \left| \frac{1}{1 + a^2(x+\delta)^2}\frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\right| \; \le \; \frac{N_n}{1 + a^2x^2}$ for all $x \ge 0$ and $\delta > 0$, where $\big|\tfrac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\big| \le N_n$ for all $x \ge 0$. It is trivial that $\int_0^\infty t \cos\big(\tfrac{t}{a}\big) e^{-xt}\,dt \; = \; a^2 \frac{a^2x^2 - 1}{(1 + a^2x^2)^2} \hspace{2cm} a,x > 0$ and so \begin{aligned} I_\delta & = -a^{-2}\int_0^\infty\left(\int_0^\infty t \cos\big(\tfrac{t}{a}\big) e^{-(x+\delta)t}\,dt\right) \frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\,dx \\ & = -a^{-2}\int_0^\infty t \cos\big(\tfrac{t}{a}\big) e^{-\delta t}\left(\int_0^\infty e^{-xt} \frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\,dx\right)\,dt \end{aligned} Since $\int_0^\infty e^{-xt} \frac{\sin(2m+2)x}{\sin x}\,dx - \int_0^\infty e^{-xt} \frac{\sin 2mx}{\sin x}\,dx \; = \; 2\int_0^\infty e^{-xt} \cos(2m+1)x\,dx \; = \; \frac{2t}{t^2 + (2m+1)^2}$ a simple induction shows that $\int_0^\infty e^{-xt} \frac{\sin 2nx}{\sin x}\,dx \; = \; 2t\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{1}{t^2 + (2k+1)^2} \hspace{2cm} t > 0$ and hence \begin{aligned} I_\delta & = -2a^{-2} \int_0^\infty \cos\big(\tfrac{t}{a}\big) e^{-\delta t}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{t^2}{t^2 + (2k+1)^2}\right)\,dt \\ & = -2a^{-2} \int_0^\infty \cos\big(\tfrac{t}{a}\big) e^{-\delta t}\left( n - \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{(2k+1)^2}{t^2 + (2k+1)^2}\right)\,dt \\ & = -2a^{-2}\left[ \frac{n\delta}{\delta^2 + a^{-2}} - \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (2k+1)^2 \int_0^\infty \frac{\cos\big(\frac{t}{a}\big) e^{-\delta t}}{t^2 + (2k+1)^2}\,dt \right] \end{aligned} and hence, letting $\delta \to 0+$, \begin{aligned} I & = 2a^{-2} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (2k+1)^2 \int_0^\infty \frac{\cos\big(\frac{t}{a}\big)}{t^2 + (2k+1)^2}\,dt \\ & = 2a^{-2} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (2k+1)^2 \times \frac{\pi}{2(2k+1)}e^{-\frac{2k+1}{a}} \\ & = \frac{\pi}{a^2}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (2k+1)e^{-\frac{2k+1}{a}} \end{aligned} using a standard Fourier transform to finish off. This sum can be calculated, of course, but the end result is not particularly pretty, do I shall leave things here.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Nice! I used the expansion $\dfrac{\sin(2nx)}{2\sin x} = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \cos((2k-1)x)$

The result can also be generalized to $\int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{\sin(2nx) \cos(p\arctan(ax))}{(1+a^2x^2)^{\frac{p}{2}} \sin x} \ \mathrm{d}x \ ; \ n \in \mathbb{Z}, a,p>0$

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Problem 49:

Evaluate,

$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{6}}\frac{x \mathrm{sin}\left( 2 x\right) }{4 {{\mathrm{sin}^{4}x }}-2 {{\mathrm{sin^{2}}x }}+1}dx$

- 2 years, 9 months ago

\begin{aligned}J&=\int_0^{\tfrac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{x\sin(2x)}{1-2\sin^2 x+4\sin^4 x}dx\\ &= \int_0^{\tfrac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{2x\sin x\cos x}{(1-\sin^2 x)^2+3\sin^4 x}dx\\ &=\int_0^{\tfrac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{2x\sin x\cos x}{\cos^4+3\sin^4 x}dx\\ &=\int_0^{\tfrac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{2x\tan x}{\cos^2 x(1+3\tan^4 x)}dx\\ \end{aligned}

Perform the change of variable $y=\sqrt{3}\tan x$,

$J=\int_0^1 \dfrac{2x\arctan\left(\tfrac{x}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{3+x^4}dx$

Since,

$\arctan u=\int_0^1 \dfrac{u}{1+t^2u^2}dt$

\begin{aligned}J&=2\sqrt{3}\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \dfrac{x^2}{(3+x^4)(3+t^2x^2)}dtdx\\ &=2\sqrt{3}\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \left(\frac{{{t}^{2}}+{{x}^{2}}}{\left( {{t}^{4}}+3\right)\left( {{x}^{4}}+3\right) }-\frac{{{t}^{2}}}{\left( {{t}^{4}}+3\right)\left( {{t}^{2}}{{x}^{2}}+3\right) }\right)dtdx\\ &=4\sqrt{3}\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \dfrac{t^2}{(3+t^4)(3+x^4)}dtdx-J\\ \end{aligned}

therefore,

\begin{aligned} J&=2\sqrt{3}\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \dfrac{t^2}{(3+t^4)(3+x^4)}dtdx\\ &=2\sqrt{3}\left(\int_0^1 \dfrac{x^2}{3+x^4}dx \right)\left(\int_0^1 \dfrac{1}{3+x^4}dx\right)\\ \end{aligned}

Since,

\begin{aligned} \int_0^1 \dfrac{1}{3+x^4}dx&=\left[\frac{\mathrm{arctan}\left( \frac{\sqrt{2}\cdot{{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}x}{\sqrt{3}-{{x}^{2}}}\right) }{{{2}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}}-\frac{\mathrm{log}\left( \frac{\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\cdot{{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}} x+{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}+\sqrt{2}\cdot{{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}x+\sqrt{3}}\right) }{{{2}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}}\right]_0^1\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{3}{2}}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}}\arctan\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{5}{2}}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}}\log\left(\dfrac{1+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}}{1+\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}}\right) \end{aligned}

$1+\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{3}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}$ is a root of the polynomial $X^4-4X^3-16X+16$,

Therefore,

$\int_0^1 \dfrac{1}{3+x^4}dx=\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{3}{2}}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}}\arctan\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}}{\sqrt{3}-1}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{5}{2}}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}}\log\left(1+\sqrt{3}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right)$

and,

\begin{aligned} \int_0^1 \dfrac{x^2}{3+x^4}dx&=\left[\frac{\mathrm{arctan}\left( \frac{\sqrt{2}\cdot {{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}\cdot x}{\sqrt{3}-{{x}^{2}}}\right) }{{{2}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\cdot {{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}}+\frac{\mathrm{log}\left( \frac{\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\cdot {{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}\cdot x+{{x}^{2}}}{{{x}^{2}}+\sqrt{2}\cdot {{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}\cdot x+\sqrt{3}}\right) }{{{2}^{\frac{5}{2}}}\cdot {{3}^{\frac{1}{4}}}}\right]_0^1\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{3}{2}}3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}}\arctan\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2^{\tfrac{5}{2}}3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}}\log\left(1+\sqrt{3}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \end{aligned}

Therefore,

$\boxed{J=\dfrac{1}{4\sqrt{3}}\arctan^2\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}+\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cdot 3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right)-\dfrac{1}{16\sqrt{3}}\log^2\left(1+\sqrt{3}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{1}{4}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}3^{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) }$

PS:

$F(x,t)=\dfrac{x}{(a+x^2)(a+tx)}=\dfrac{t}{a+t^2}\cdot \dfrac{1}{a+x^2} +\dfrac{1}{a+t^2}\cdot \dfrac{x}{a+x^2}-\dfrac{t}{(a+t^2)(a+tx)}$

is a nice function.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

- 2 years, 9 months ago

I am interested. My solution used/generalised a lot of the tricks that FDP uses in his solutions, so it will be interesting if he has a different approach.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Aliter,

Let.

$\text{I} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{x \sin(2x)}{4\sin^4 x - 2\sin^2 x + 1} \ \mathrm{d}x$

$= \dfrac{1}{4(\alpha - \beta)} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} x \sin (2x) \left(\dfrac{1}{\cos(2x) - 1 + \beta} - \dfrac{1}{\cos(2x) - 1 + \alpha}\right)$

where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the roots of the equation $t^2 - \dfrac{1}{2} t + \dfrac{1}{4} = 0$

Now, from Problem 25, we have,

$\dfrac{\sin x}{p^2 +2p \cos x +1} = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (-p)^{k-1} \sin (kx)$

Using this and interchanging, sum and integral ( and after a lot of straight forward simplification/calculations involving dilogarithm and logarithm) we get,

$\text{I} = \dfrac{1}{4\sqrt{3}}\left[\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3^{\frac14} - 3^{-\frac14}}\right)\right]^2 - \frac{1}{16\sqrt{3}}\ln^2\left(\frac{3^{\frac14} + \sqrt{2} + 3^{-\frac14}}{3^{\frac14} - \sqrt{2} + 3^{-\frac14}}\right)$

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Just pipped you! You might want to clarify what $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are, though.

Why don't you post the last integral!

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Thanks for letting me do the honors. I'll post it tomorrow, I'll need some time to create a nice one :)

- 2 years, 9 months ago

For any $a > 0$ define \begin{aligned} A(a) & = \int_0^1 \frac{dx}{a^4 + x^4} \; = \; \frac{1}{a^3}\int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{dz}{1 + z^4} \\ & = \frac{1}{2a^3\sqrt{2}}\Big[\tan^{-1}\big(1 + \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) - \tan^{-1}\big(1 - \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big)\Big] + \frac{1}{4a^3\sqrt{2}} \ln\left(\frac{a + \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}{a - \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}\right) \\ B(a) & = \int_0^1 \frac{x^2\,dx}{a^4 + x^4} \; = \; \frac{1}{a}\int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{z^2\,dz}{1 + z^4} \\ & = \frac{1}{2a\sqrt{2}}\Big[\tan^{-1}\big(1 + \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) - \tan^{-1}\big(1 - \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big)\Big] - \frac{1}{4a\sqrt{2}} \ln\left(\frac{a + \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}{a - \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}\right) \\ a^4A(a)B(a) & = \tfrac{1}{8}\left[ \tan^{-1}\big(1 + \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) - \tan^{-1}\big(1 - \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) \right]^2 - \frac{1}{32} \ln^2\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}{a - \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}\right) \end{aligned} Thus we deduce that (putting $z = ax$ and playing symmetry games) \begin{aligned} I(a) & = \int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{x \tan^{-1}\big(\frac{x}{a}\big)}{1 + x^4}\,dx \; = \; \int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{x\,dx}{1 + x^4} \int_0^1 \frac{\frac{x}{a}\,dy}{1 + a^{-2}x^2y^2} \\ & = a^4 \int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{z^2}{(a^4 + z^4)(a^4 + y^2 z^2)}\,dy\,dz \\ & = \tfrac12a^4 \int_0^1 \int_0^1 \left\{ \frac{z^2}{(a^4 + z^4)(a^4 + y^2z^2)} + \frac{y^2}{(a^4 + y^4)(a^4 + y^2z^2)}\right\}\,dy\,dz \\ & = \tfrac12a^4 \int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{y^2 + z^2}{(a^4 + y^4)(a^4 + z^4)}\,dy\,dz \; = \; a^4 A(a)B(a) \\ & = \tfrac{1}{8}\Big[\tan^{-1}\big(1 + \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) - \tan^{-1}\big(1 - \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big)\Big]^2 - \frac{1}{32} \ln^2\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}{a - \sqrt{2} + a^{-1}}\right) \end{aligned} Moreover \begin{aligned} J(a) & = \int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{\tan^{-1}x^2}{x^2 + a^2}\,dx \; = \; \Big[\frac{1}{a} \tan^{-1}x^2\,\tan^{-1}\big(\tfrac{x}{a}\big)\Big]_0^{a^{-1}} - \frac{2}{a} \int_0^{a^{-1}} \frac{x \tan^{-1}\big(\frac{x}{a}\big)}{1 + x^4}\,dx \\ & = \frac{1}{a}\big(\tan^{-1}a^{-2}\big)^2 - \frac{2}{a}I(a) \end{aligned} Thus, putting $u = \cos2x$ and $v= \frac{2u-1}{\sqrt{3}}$, we see that \begin{aligned} K & = \int_0^{\frac{1}{6}\pi} \frac{x \sin 2x}{4\sin^4x - 2\sin^2x + 1}\,dx \; = \; \int_0^{\frac{1}{6}\pi} \frac{x \sin 2x}{\cos^22x - \cos2x + 1}\,dx \\ & = \tfrac14\int_{\frac12}^1 \frac{\cos^{-1}u\,du}{u^2 - u + 1} \; = \; \tfrac14\Big[\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\tan^{-1}\left(\tfrac{2u-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) \cos^{-1}u\Big]_{\frac12}^1 + \tfrac14\int_{\frac12}^1 \tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}} \tan^{-1}\big(\tfrac{2u-1}{\sqrt{3}}\big) \frac{du}{\sqrt{1-u^2}} \\ & = \tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{3}} \int_{\frac12}^1 \tan^{-1}\left(\tfrac{2u-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) \frac{du}{\sqrt{1-u^2}} \; = \; \frac{1}{2 \times 3^{\frac14}} \int_0^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}} \frac{\tan^{-1}v\,dv}{\sqrt{(1 - \sqrt{3}v)(\sqrt{3}+v)}} \end{aligned} The key substitution $w \; = \; \sqrt{\frac{1 - \sqrt{3}v}{\sqrt{3}+v}}$ yields \begin{aligned} K & = \frac{1}{3^{\frac14}} \int_0^{3^{-\frac14}} \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{1 - \sqrt{3}w^2}{\sqrt{3} + w^2}\right) \frac{dw}{\sqrt{3} + w^2} \; = \; \frac{1}{3^{\frac14}} \int_0^{3^{-\frac14}} \Big[\tfrac16\pi - \tan^{-1}w^2\Big] \frac{dw}{\sqrt{3} + w^2} \\ & = \frac{\pi}{6 \times 3^{\frac14}} \Big[3^{-\frac14} \tan^{-1}\big(\tfrac{w}{3^{\frac14}}\big)\Big]_0^{3^{-\frac14}} - 3^{-\frac14}J(3^{\frac14}) \\ & = \frac{\pi^2}{36\sqrt{3}} - 3^{-\frac14}\Big[3^{-\frac14}\left(\tan^{-1}3^{-\frac12}\right)^2 - 2 \times 3^{-\frac14} I\big(3^{\frac14}\big)\Big] \; = \; \tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}} I\big(3^{\frac14}\big) \\ & = \frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}}\left[\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3^{\frac14} - 3^{-\frac14}}\right)\right]^2 - \frac{1}{16\sqrt{3}}\ln^2\left(\frac{3^{\frac14} + \sqrt{2} + 3^{-\frac14}}{3^{\frac14} - \sqrt{2} + 3^{-\frac14}}\right) \end{aligned} noting that $\tan^{-1}\big(1 + \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) - \tan^{-1}\big(1 - \sqrt{2}a^{-1}\big) \; =\; \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{a - a^{-1}}\right) \hspace{1cm} a > 1$

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Actually my solution is the same than yours. The only difference is the way you manage to transform the trigonometric integral.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Yes, but your method of transforming the original integral into what is, apart from a variable scaling, $\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}} I(3^{1/4})$ (in my notation), is elegant.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

if $F(a,t,x)=\frac{x}{\left( t\cdot x+a\right) \cdot \left( {{x}^{2}}+a\right) }$, compute $\int_0^1 F(1,t,x)dt$ isn't nice?

Problem 47 relies on the evaluation of $\int_0^1 \int_0^1 F(1,t^2,x^2) dtdx$ and problem 49 relies on $\int_0^1 \int_0^1 F(3,t^2,x^2) dtdx$

Who will post problem 50, the last one?

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Let me clarify. Both of our methods evaluate $\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}I(3^{\frac14})$. What I was saying was that your technique for converting the original integral to $\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}I(3^{\frac14})$ was more elegant than mine - in Mathematics, the word "elegant" is complimentary!

- 2 years, 9 months ago

I'll post by evening, in 5 hours.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

My solution is close to yours. I will post it later (01 AM here) . This integral is based on the solution i have provided for problem 47. I have played around with it and i have build this one.

- 2 years, 9 months ago

Prove that $\int_0^\infty \frac{x^{\mu-\frac12}}{(x+r)^\mu (x+s)^\mu}\,dx \; = \; \sqrt{\pi}(\sqrt{r}+\sqrt{s})^{1-2\mu}\frac{\Gamma(\mu-\frac12)}{\Gamma(\mu)}$ for all $r,s > 0$ and $\mu > \tfrac12$.
For any $a > 0$ and $0 < b < c$ and $|x| < 1$ we have \begin{aligned} I_{a,b,c}(x) & = \int_0^1 t^{b-1}(1-t)^{c-b-1}(1 - xt)^{-a}\,dt \\ & = \int_0^1 t^{b-1}(1-t)^{c-b-1} \left(\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)}}{n!} x^n t^n\right)\,dt \\ & = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)}}{n!} x^n \int_0^1 t^{n+b-1}(1-t)^{c-b-1}\,dt \; = \; \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)}}{n!} x^n B(n+b,c-b) \\ & = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)}}{n!} x^n \frac{\Gamma(n+b) \Gamma(c-b)}{\Gamma(n+c)} \; =\; \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)}}{n!} x^n \frac{(b)^{(n)} \Gamma(b)\Gamma(c-b)}{(c)^{(n)} \Gamma(c)} \\ & = B(b,c-b)\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)^{(n)} (b)^{(n)}}{(c)^{(n)}} \frac{x^n}{n!} \; = \; B(b,c-b) \big({}_2F_1\big)(a,b;c;x) \end{aligned}