# Evolution of a chaotic system

Probably the most universally well-known behavior of chaotic systems is the butterfly effect. Or, the idea that minor perturbations in a particle's position or velocity give rise to massively different behaviors from that particle, and even from the system as a whole. This is the driving force behind what makes chaotic systems so chaotic - the evolution of a system is hypersensitive to its current state and thus seems to behave in a random manner.

So here's the setup:

I have a system of 10,000 white particles all arranged in a line next to each other. For now, they look like a solid line, but soon you'll see them diverging. The window is doubled as well, just so the ensuing structure is more obvious. Now, let's talk about equations of motion.

$\ddot{\theta} +\alpha\dot{\theta} + \beta \sin(\frac{\pi \theta}{3})= \beta \cos(\omega t)$

This essentially corresponds to a driven damped harmonic oscillator, with some variations. Back to the graph above, what isn't being graphed is position vs. time, but rather velocity vs. position. In technical terms, this is a graph of the phase space of this system. And since position is given by $\theta$ instead of $x$, you would be right to guess that it is periodic - hence why I decided to double up the phase plot.

Notice how the particles on the right wrap back around to the left. Specifically, the x-axis represents angular position, or $\theta$, while the y-axis represents angular velocity, $\dot{\theta}$. A few steps later, we see the particles begin to diverge.

Although the particles have begun to take wildly different trajectories, there is still a vague structure behind it all. Surprisingly, this structure not only persists as the simulation continues; but it also becomes more apparent!

Here an animated version as well:

This structure also has a name - it's known as a strange attractor. Chaotic systems sometimes lead to attractors, which are fundamental structures that those systems lead to for a variety of initial conditions. This is both important and unexpected - a system evolves chaotically and is hypersensitive to minor perturbations in initial conditions, but that same system can lead to the same set of strange attractors for a wide range of initial states.

PS: Since I think it's a cool topic, I'll show you guys some other strange attractors I've rendered.

Note by Levi Walker
11 months, 1 week ago

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@Levi Adam Walker these are beautiful renderings. What are you using to generate them? (and do you mind sharing your code?)

Staff - 11 months, 1 week ago

They were generated in Processing, a pretty simple program for rendering graphics in Java and Python. Here's the source code! https://github.com/AustereTriceratops/Misc/blob/master/physics/DrivenDampedPendulum

- 11 months, 1 week ago

Very interesting note! After a sufficient amount of time, do their phase states get closer together? Simulation wise, I think you can colour the points continuously, a different hue depending on the initial $\theta$, so if the above question is the case, then in the strange attractor, we should see points of similar hues close together.

Also what is the nature of this attractor? Such as what do you think the dimensions are of this attractor and does a system loop about the attractor or traverses randomly about the attractor (if the attractor is not 1 dimension). It's kinda hard to see from the static pictures.

- 11 months, 1 week ago

I did that too in an earlier version of that program! This is what the result looks like:

And as far as animating it goes, I made a .gif here:

You can see that some parts are "stretching" while others are "contracting", which makes sense in the context of a chaotic system; in order for the phase space to be able to form a stable attractor then you need those two things to be balanced. I guess you can see it as continuously kneading dough - or mixing a batter - every time you fold it everything gets slightly more mixed up.

- 11 months, 1 week ago

This is very chaotic!

- 11 months ago

Good code, but why use python when you can you can use OpenGL or WebGL or C++ or parallely processed programming?

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

Mostly because it's what I'm most comfortable with (I'm new to programming). I do want to move onto WebGL for rendering at some point, though.

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

An easy way to start with WebGL can be with Shadertoy, it runs on the browser and does not need any setting up to compile.

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

Thanks, I'll try it out then!

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

I should mention, you will have to make use of buffers in order to store the previous states, because there is essentially no memory for vertex shaders.

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

Yes.

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

You’re very good for a new programmer. How long have you been programming for? I often use WebGL for physics visualisations and graphics.

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

Thanks! I was only about a month or so into it when I wrote that program. Are there any libraries/frameworks you'd recommend for working with WebGL?

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

WebGL uses JavaScript, which is like a cross between python and C. Learn JavaScript and HTML to do web programming using WebGL

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

Levi Adam Walker, python is pretty good though. In this instance, it was especially good as you minimized the amount of code you have written. Note that WebGL assumes 3d rectangular coordinates and you have to write a lot more code than in python, but it is powerful, however is isn't as powerful as the current updated version of OpenGL

- 10 months, 3 weeks ago

seems like some top spam, Mr.Mark Golvani

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