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# Open Problem (Calculus - 1)

Evaluate the following improper integrals and sum of series:

$\Large\color{blue}{\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{x\sin\alpha x}{x^4+x^2+1}\ dx}$

$\Large\color{red}{\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{\cos\beta x}{x^6+1}\ dx}$

$\Large\color{darkgreen}{\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty\frac{(-1)^n}{n^2+\gamma^2}}$

Note by Tunk-Fey Ariawan
2 years, 7 months ago

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The third one is equal to $$\frac{\pi}{\gamma} \text{csch}\left(\gamma\pi\right)$$, where csch is the hyperbolic cosecant. The first step is to take $\frac{(-1)^n}{n^2+\gamma^2} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{n+k} \gamma^{2k}}{n^{2k+2}}$ We can then switch the order to $\lim_{a\to\infty}\,\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=-a}^{a} \frac{(-1)^{n+k} \gamma^{2k}}{n^{2k+2}}$ to get $\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-1)^{k-1} \left(2-4^{-k}\right) \zeta (2 k+2)\gamma^{2k}$ This of course neglects the $$\frac{(-1)^0}{0^2+\gamma^2}$$ term (which is undefined for $$n = 0$$ in the denominator of the summand), so we must add $$\frac{1}{\gamma^2}$$ to our previous sum to get $\frac{1}{\gamma^2} + \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-1)^{k-1} \left(2-4^{-k}\right) \zeta (2 k+2)\gamma^{2k}$ We can see the relation between these coefficients and the coefficients of the series for the hyperbolic cosecant to get that our answer should be $$\boxed{\frac{\pi}{\gamma} \text{csch}\left(\gamma\pi\right)}$$. · 2 years, 7 months ago

Excellent!! How about this one. $$\ddot\smile$$ · 2 years, 7 months ago

Lol this is what I keep doing too - directing people to the IMPOSSIBRU integral xD · 2 years, 7 months ago

Actually, I got the correct answer to that one by hand-estimating. I'm fairly certain that your answer is not exactly correct. To 50 digits, the integral is 0.59738180945180348461311323509087376430643859042556, whereas to 50 digits, the right side is 0.59738519747762744103977711867133271207190293243263. · 2 years, 7 months ago

minyak · 2 years, 2 months ago

Quick sketch : the first two can be done using complex analysis just consider the integral over a half circle from $$R$$ to $$-R$$ counterclockwise and $$(-R,R)$$.

For the sum, consider the integral of $$z\mapsto \frac{\pi \csc(\pi z)}{z^2+x^2}$$ over a rectangle with vertices $$(n+1/2)\left\{1+i,1-i,-1+i,-1-i\right\}$$.

I can't write full solutions now, but I'll write when have time. · 2 years, 7 months ago

+1 for your comment. I know how to evaluate them using residue method but I am interested in evaluating them using elementary methods. Anyway, could you please post your solution to this problem: OMG !! Zeta and Pi in one integral!. Thank you. · 2 years, 7 months ago

@Tunk-Fey Ariawan Sorry, I do not have much time and the evaluation of $$\psi_4(1/3)$$ is lengthy. To simplify Pranav's result you have only to calculate $$\psi_4(1/3)$$ (using some basic polygamma identities). · 2 years, 7 months ago

I did solve your problem in similar fashion as @Pranav Arora did. I thought you had a different approach since you commented to him: "Have you noticed that the fraction has a partial fraction decomposition that might help?" · 2 years, 7 months ago

@Tunk-Fey Ariawan I've added a solution to that problem. you may see that it is long, that's why I couldn't post it until I had time. · 2 years, 7 months ago

It look like we did it by using the same approach. Nice solution! · 2 years, 7 months ago

Problem No 2

Answer is $\displaystyle \boxed{\frac{\pi e^{-\beta}}{6} + \frac{\pi}{\sqrt3}e^{-\beta/2}\left(\sin(\frac{\sqrt3 \beta}{2})+\cos(\frac{\sqrt3 \beta}{2})\right)}$ · 1 year, 1 month ago

Problem No 1

$\displaystyle \boxed{\frac{2\pi}{\sqrt3}e^{-\frac{\sqrt3 \alpha}{2}}\sin(\frac{\alpha}{2})}$ · 1 year, 1 month ago

please anybody solve the integral using the residue theorem · 2 years, 6 months ago

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