# This note has been used to help create the Bertrand's Paradox wiki

Today we will try to answer a simple probability question:

Imgur

A chord is selected at random inside a circle. What is the probability that the length of this chord is longer than the side length of an inscribed equilateral triangle in the circle?

We will attack this problem in three different ways.

Solution 1

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First, we set a point to be stationary, and randomly select the other point. Clearly, when the other point is contained in the far $120^{\circ}$ arc, the length of it is longer than the length of the side length of the triangle (shown in the picture as green), and elsewhere, it is shorter (shown as red). Thus, the probability is $\dfrac{120^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}=\boxed{\dfrac{1}{3}}$

Solution 2

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We randomly choose a point, then draw a horizontal line through it to form a chord in the circle. The probability that the chord is longer than the side length of the triangle is a little harder to figure out, but still easily done with some elementary geometry:

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The side length of the equilateral triangle divides the radius of the circle into halves, as shown in the above diagram. Thus, the probability of the random chord being longer than the length of the side of the equilateral triangle is $\boxed{\dfrac{1}{2}}$

Solution 3

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We pick a random point inside the circle, and draw a chord through it such that the point is the midpoint of the chord. Note that whenever the point picked is inside the circle in the middle, then the chord has a side length larger than the side of the triangle; otherwise, smaller.

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Recall that the centroid of a triangle divides the medians into $2:1$ pieces. Thus, $R=2r$, or $\dfrac{r}{R}=\dfrac{1}{2}$. Thus, the ratio of the two circles' areas is $\dfrac{\pi r^2}{\pi R^2}=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2=\boxed{\dfrac{1}{4}}$

How can three different methods yield three different answers? Which one is the correct, and which ones are bogus? Post your thoughts in the comments below. Thanks for reading!

Daniel

For further information (spoilers!), see Bertrand's Paradox

Note by Daniel Liu
7 years, 3 months ago

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Problem with Solution 2 : All chords are not necessary parallel. They might be non-parallel.

Problem with Solution 3 : Through one midpoint, infinite chords can pass, and the number of chords that pass through are relatively different for different midpoints. Hence,this solution is incorrect.

First one is correct. If I fix one point , the probability that the second point is such that it satisfies the condition is $\dfrac{1}{3}$ IRRESPECTIVE of where first point lies. I tried another method gives $\dfrac{1}{3}$

Choosing a chord at random is equivalent to choosing two points at random. I take $x$ and $y$ be the polar angles of two points, then

$\dfrac{2 \pi}{3} < |x-y| < \dfrac{4 \pi}{3}$

Draw the favorable region, and sample space, and get answer as $\dfrac{1}{3}$

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Your rebuttal for problem 3 is wrong. There is only one possible chord that can pass through a chosen point such that the point is the midpoint of the chord.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Excellent use of the word "rebuttal". The only word I know of that has a "butt" in it but is still used commonly in courtrooms. Watching courtroom movies is hilarious for me whenever I hear that word. :D

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Thought said english you bad..

- 7 years, 2 months ago

Bad English but "butt" good so hear and say "yay!". :}

- 7 years, 2 months ago

I didn't get the problem you specified with the Solution 2. It is perfectly correct from my perspective.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

And butts fit well in this conversation because?

- 6 years, 11 months ago

Solution 3 stated to let the chosen point be the midpoint of a chord, of which there is only 1 for that particular point. Daniel's given restriction makes it so that there aren't an infinite number of chords

- 7 years, 3 months ago

But there are an infinite number of points!

- 7 years, 2 months ago

None of these are wrong in that sense. And none of them is more right than the other. It boils down to what you mean by 'random'. The reason why there are 3 different answers is because the distributions are different in each case.

- 7 years, 2 months ago

I must say, creating diagrams really is a hassle!

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Since "a picture says a thousand words", I'd think that the amount of hassle is the same.

Diagrams do help your explanation a lot. I agree that creating such diagrams can be time consuming, esp if you do not have good software (I hope you're not using paint!)

Staff - 7 years, 3 months ago

Nope, I'm using Asymptote Vector Graphic Language. It's really useful for creating math diagrams, although what you write is much like programming languages like JavaScript. So if you ever plan on using Asymptote, you need to first have a basic understanding of programming!

I use the AoPS Wiki to render my ASY code.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

That first problem was on the AMC 10 B this year.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

I think the answer would be (2-sqrt{3})/2. The length of a side of equilateral triangle is \sqrt{3}R. R is rhe radius of the circle. So 2R is the maximum length of a chord. Now we can say, we can draw infinite chords of length x where x is 2R max, and 0 min. And range of infinite number of chords with more length than \sqrt{3} is 2R<=x<\sqrt{3}R. Thus probablity is (2-\sqrt{3})/2.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Would anyone mind explaining why the following solution is wrong?

1. Lengths of chords in a circle range from length $0$ to length $2r$, i.e. $(0, 2r]$.
2. There are an infinite number of chords of each length and hence, an equal number of chords of each length.
3. The side length of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle is $r\sqrt{3}$.
4. We want the side lengths greater than this, i.e. those that lie within the interval $(r\sqrt{3},2r]$.
5. The range of this interval is $2r-r\sqrt{3}$ and the range of the sample space is $2r$.
6. Hence, the probability should be $\dfrac{2r-r\sqrt{3}}{2r} = \dfrac{2-\sqrt{3}}{2} \approx 0.134$

It's obvious that this solution is incorrect by looking at Solution 1, which makes it intuitively obvious that the answer is $\dfrac{1}{3}$, but I don't understand where I'm going wrong, or if this method is even applicable. Help!

- 7 years, 3 months ago

A sudden question hit me just now: are there more chords of length $1$ in a circle than there are chords of length $2$? Now that I think about it, it seems so. If I'm given an arc and I have to draw chords 1 unit apart from each other along the circumference, I'd get more chords if my chords were smaller. Could someone confirm this?

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Infinities is a tricky concept to deal with... I believe that there are actually the same number, although don't quote me on that.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Solution 3 is wrong because you cannot say anything about the number of lines passing through when the point is at the center.

There is the difference in answer in Solution 1 and Solution 2 because of the difference in consideration of different types of lines. COMPLEX? Let me make it simpler.

In solution 1 we consider multiple lines different from each other on the basis of angle. For instance If we take a unit angle as 1° . (You can argue that we are considering ALL possible lines then the unit angle should be the smallest possible number but to get the answer we have to zoom in considering some particular angle. ) Now on drawing multiple lines 1° apart, after some instance the distance between two lines will increase, then what about the line that would fit in between? They are missed.

In solution 2 the number of lines are at equal distance from the initial stage to the final stage, therefore there is no chance in missing any of the lines.

Hence Solution 2, according to my perspectives, should be considered.

- 7 years, 3 months ago

Solution 2 won't work because he considered only parallel chords

- 7 years, 3 months ago

I believe solution 2 is incorrect this is because all chords are not necessarily paralle

- 7 years, 3 months ago

I assumed it as 1/3 probability since it was an Equilateral one (sides have same length). I saw i was correct !

- 7 years, 2 months ago

So what is the correct answer? Also can you tag all your coordinate geometry problems and notes with special tag which I can add to my profile? I didnt understand what wikipedia tried to explain.

- 7 years, 2 months ago

This was amongst the first examples our teacher discussed in probability class.

- 5 years, 2 months ago