# The Mighty Taylor Series of $$e$$.

Everybody knows the following infinite series :

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!} = e-1$

which comes out from the Taylor Series of $$e^x$$. It is a single summation.

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+m)!}$

Or, Let's generalize that for $$n$$ summations :

$\displaystyle \sum_{a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{n-1} >0 } \frac{1}{(a_0+a_1+a_2+\dots+a_{n-1})!}$

Does this have a closed form? It is a challenge for you guys!

$$\mathbf{Challenge \; 1\; :} {\color{green}{\textrm{(Easy)}}}$$ : Find the value of :

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+m)!}$

$$\mathbf{Challenge \; 2\; :} {\color{Red}{\textrm{(Hard)}}}$$ : Find the closed form of :

$\displaystyle \sum_{a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{n-1} >0 } \frac{1}{(a_0+a_1+a_2+\dots+a_{n-1})!}$

Try them ! I will share my approach the next week.

This note is a part of the set Sequences and Series Challenges.

Note by Hasan Kassim
3 years, 10 months ago

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Nice question.

Here's my approach:

Denote the required sum by $$S(n)$$.

Focus on the denominator $$a_{0}+a_{1}+a_{2}...a_{n-1}$$.

Fix it's value to be some constant $$k$$ (for now). Consider all the terms in our summation with this denominator. How many such terms are there?

That's easy: the number of such terms is simply the number of solutions to the equation $a_{0}+a_{1}+a_{2}...a_{n-1}=k$

Note that we need solutions in the natural numbers only as all the $$a_{i}$$ vary only from 1 to infinity.

So, for a given k, the number of such terms is given by $$\binom{k-1}{n-1}$$.

Note also, that the smallest possible value of $$k$$ is n and it goes on up until infinity.

Thus, our summation can be written as:

$S(n)=\sum_{k=n}^{\infty}\frac{\binom{k-1}{n-1}}{k!}$

After simplification, this can be written as: $S(n)=\frac{1}{(n-1)!}\sum_{k=n}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k(k-n)!}$

For convenience, let $$k-n=r$$.

Thus, $S(n)=\frac{1}{(n-1)!}\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r+n)(r)!}$ 

We'll deal with the $$(n-1)!$$ later. 

For now, let $$\quad \quad T(n)=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r+n)(r)!}$$

 Also, $$\quad \quad \quad e^x=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^r}{r!}$$.

$\Rightarrow x^{n-1}e^x=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^{r+n-1}}{r!}$



$\Rightarrow \int_{0}^{1}x^{n-1}e^xdx=\int_{0}^{1}\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^{r+n-1}}{r!}dx$

 Note that the RHS is the expression that we had obtained earlier for $$T(n)$$. 

Thus,

$T(n)=\int_{0}^{1}x^{n-1}e^xdx$

Integrate this by parts to establish the recurrence relation:  $T(n)=e-(n-1)T(n-1)$



This is a recurrence relation. Solve it and you're done.  Once you've found $$T(n)$$, divide that by $$(n-1)!$$ to get $$S(n)$$.

- 3 years, 10 months ago

Very elegant solution!

Just a thing: the expression you obtained from the integral for $$T(n)$$ should be for $$T(n+1)$$ instead.

Nice work :)

- 3 years, 10 months ago

Thanks :)

Really enjoyed doing this problem....And yea, it should be $$T(n+1)$$.

I've edited it now.

- 3 years, 10 months ago

Also replace the coefficient of $$T(n-1)$$ by $$n-1$$, in the recursion.

- 3 years, 10 months ago

My bad. Done now...Oh and btw, I saw this post when I was going through the problems of your set, 'Sequences and series challenges' and I liked all of your problems. Thanks for posting them :) Cheers

- 3 years, 10 months ago

Yea I will keep posting new ones, my pleasure :)

- 3 years, 10 months ago

Its quite tough.

- 8 months, 1 week ago