### Multivariable Calculus

Finding the largest and smallest possible values of a function, or extremizing, is one of the most important practical applications of calculus.

Finding the optimal values of a function of several variables is even more useful since many successful real-life models depend on two or more inputs.

This quiz will build off our knowledge of extremizing single-variable functions to give us a glimpse of how we'll optimize many-variable functions in the Derivatives and Optimization chapters.

# Finding Extrema

Imagine a box with base length $x$ and height $y.$ The box doesn't have a lid. The cost of manufacturing is directly proportional to the amount of material (or surface area) of the box.

What is the surface area of the outside of the box as a function of base width $x$ and height $y?$

Note: Count the area of each box side only once.

# Finding Extrema

The surface area of the box $A$ depends on the base width $x$ and the height $y.$

We express this relationship explicitly as $A(x,y) = x^2 + 4 x y.$ Writing the surface area as $A (x,y)$ tells us that it is a function of both base width and height.

A company wants to produce such a box with base width at least $4$ units and a height of at least $1$ unit. If box material is $4$ dollars per unit area, what's the cost of the cheapest box that can be produced?

Hint: This problem actually doesn't require any calculus, just some intuition.

# Finding Extrema

Now let's put our calculus to good use.

Suppose the company wants to produce the cheapest possible box with a fixed volume of $x^2 y = 4$ cubic units.

Besides being positive, there's no restriction on the base width $x$ or the height $y$ this time.

If the cost is $C(x,y) = 4 x^2 + 16 xy,$ what is the minimum output in this case?

# Finding Extrema

A constraint on $x$ and $y$ can reduce a two-variable function down to a single-variable function.

In the last problem, fixing the volume tied the dimensions of the box together and effectively made the cost a function of just $x,$ which we optimized using single-variable calculus.

However, there are many examples of optimization problems where we have two legitimately independent variables $x$ and $y ;$ i.e. there's no constraint tying them together.

To close out this quiz, we'll look at one such example unrelated to our box problem. In the process we'll discover the need for a new kind of tool: the partial derivative.

# Finding Extrema

We'll work our way up to our new example by looking at an analogous problem first.

In an upcoming chapter, we'll chart the bottom of an unexplored lakebed.

A series of boats move across the lake's surface, lowering bobs to measure the depth of the bed. Here's a table displaying the depths recorded by each boat in the survey.

Depth records from survey of part of Square Lake

We want the largest overall depth, but we're going to find it in an unconventional way that'll help us understand partial derivatives.

Find this largest depth by finding the largest depth in each row, then taking the maximum of these values.

# Finding Extrema

To find the largest depth in the table, we maximized row by row, and then took the largest of these values to find the global maximum depth.

The depth table data was actually built using the function $f(x,y) = 2 x y e^{1-x^2-y^2} \ \ \text{for} \ \ -2 \leq x \leq 2, \ 0 \leq y \leq 2$ (not to scale) so we expect it has a maximum. Let's combine our table strategy with what we know of single-variable calculus to find it.

By analogy, let's fix one variable, say $y$, though we could also fix $x$ and get the same answer. To keep things simple, let's take $y = 1.$

This reduces the number of variables down to one, which we can handle!

Find the maximum value of $f(x,1) = 2 x e^{-x^2},\ \ -2 \leq x \leq 2,$ which is like maximizing over a single "row."

Note: If you'd like to refresh your memory, here's a wiki on optimization in the single-variable case.

# Finding Extrema

Generalizing last problem's result, for $0 \leq y \leq 2,$ the max value of $f(x,y) = 2 x y e^{1-x^2-y^2} \ \ \text{for} \ \ -2 \leq x \leq 2$ is given by $M(y) = \sqrt{2} y e^{\frac{1}{2}-y^2}.$ By analogy, this is like compiling the list

 Boat 1 $2$ $3$ $4$ $5$ $6$ Largest Depth Recorded 130 $214$ $199$ $133$ $157$ $130$

for the depth table

Where is $M(y) = \sqrt{2} y e^{\frac{1}{2}-y^2}= (\sqrt{2} e^{\frac{1}{2}} ) y e^{-y^2}$ maximized on $0 \leq y \leq 2\, ?$ (This is like maximizing over the max value of each row in the depth table.)

Hint: Up to a constant, this function of $y$ is the same as the function of $x$ we maximized in the last problem.

# Finding Extrema

Now for the bad news: our approach only works because $f$ and its domain have very special properties. We need a versatile method for finding extrema of general multivariable functions.

Here's an equivalent way of looking at how we optimized $f(x,y) = 2 x y e^{1-x^2-y^2} \ \ \text{for} \ \ -2 \leq x \leq 2, \ 0\leq y \leq 2:$ Let's introduce a new kind of derivative $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x},$ meaning we take the derivative of $f$ as if it were just a function of $x;$ $y$ is fixed. Similarly, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}$ means we differentiate with respect to $y$ while holding $x$ fixed.

Then to optimize $f ,$ we really solved $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 0, \ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 0,$ and then checked these critical values against the values of $f$ on the edges of the rectangle $-2 \leq x \leq 2, \ 0 \leq y \leq 2$ forming the boundary of $f$'s domain.

# Finding Extrema

If this is the right way to optimize, what is the largest value of $f(x,y) = 6 - x^2-y^2$ for points $(x,y)$ inside the circle of radius $2$ centered at the origin; i.e. all points with $\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \leq 2 \ ?$

# Finding Extrema

By introducing partial derivatives $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x }$ and $\frac{\partial f}{\partial y},$ we took our first steps into the larger world of multivariable optimization.

We'll have a whole chapter on these derivatives, but we first need to know more about functions and their graphs.

Graphs are visual tools that can help us in our quest for extrema. Take a look at the animations below. The surface represents the graph of $f(x,y) = 2 x y e^{1-x^2-y^2}$ on the larger square $-2 \leq x, y \leq 2.$

The mountain tops correspond to maxima, and the pits represent minima: with a graph we can identify extrema at a glance.

Surface graphs can also help us begin to understand one of the other major pillars of multivariable calculus: integration.

To graph surfaces, we need a coordinate system in space, which is the topic of our next quiz.

With this detour out of the way, we'll come back to many-variable integration to finish off our intro chapter.

# Finding Extrema

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